ESL WORKSHEET - Types of Holiday

LESSON PLAN FOR ENGLISH TEACHERS

ON VACATION (ON HOLIDAY)*

LinguaHouse
Jul. 3, 2023

Level: Elementary (A1-A2)
Type of English: General English
Tags: Travel and Leisure; Types of Holiday; Prepositions; 13-15 Years Old; 16-18 Years Old; 18+ Years Old; Vocabulary and Grammar
Publication date: 07/03/2023

* This lesson has been updated.

In this updated lesson, students listen to three people talking about their vacations and recognize how the prepositions at, in and on are commonly used with locations. The lesson includes practice exercises and speaking. There is also a short optional extension activity which covers how at, in and on are commonly used to talk about time (by Stephanie Hirschman).

• CLICK HERE to download the student’s worksheet in American English.
• CLICK HERE to download the teacher’s lesson plan in American English.
• CLICK HERE to download/listen to the audio in American English.
• CLICK HERE to download the student’s worksheet in British English.
• CLICK HERE to download the teacher’s lesson plan in British English.
• CLICK HERE to download/listen to the audio in British English.

AUDIO TRANSCRIPT

Narrator: Speaker 1
Speaker 1: Last year we went to Athens on vacation. We chose the city because my kids were studying the ancient Greeks in their history class at school, and they wanted to go sightseeing to learn more. We all enjoyed the vacation a lot – there were so many things to see, especially at the main museum! The only problem we had was when we arrived. We couldn’t read the signs because we don’t really know the Greek alphabet, so we got lost on the way from the airport to the city center. We were all very tired by the time we arrived at the hotel!
Narrator: Speaker 2
Speaker 2: Every year we try to get away for a week in January or February. We usually go to the mountains for some skiing. This year, we decided to go on the train. Well, when we got to the station, we saw that there was a mistake with our tickets. We were fifteen minutes late for the train and we had to wait for three hours to get to the next one! It wasn’t a great start to the vacation, but we had a wonderful time when we got there. The snow in the mountains was perfect, and we made some new friends!
Narrator: Speaker 3
Speaker 3: We’ve just come back from a great vacation. We did all the usual things people do at the beach: swimming, tanning, and eating ice cream. We drove there because it was pretty close to where we lived. In the car, I had a funny feeling that something was wrong. Of course, when we arrived, we wanted to get in the water right away. Then I saw that we didn't have swim suits in the suitcase. We had forgotten them at home! So, we had to go shopping to buy some new ones. How silly! Anyway, we had an amazing time, and we really enjoyed the sea view from our room on the top floor of the hotel. We might even go back next year!

Adapted from: https://www.linguahouse.com/esl-lesson-plans/general-english/on-holiday. Accessed on July 24, 2023. © 2008–2023 LinguaHouse.com. All rights reserved.

ESL WORKSHEET - Historical Events and Nature

LESSON PLAN FOR ENGLISH TEACHERS

THE COLDEST CONTINENT

LinguaHouse
Jun. 30, 2023

Level: Pre-Intermediate (A2-B1)
Type of English: English for Teenagers
Tags: Historical Events; Nature; Paraphrasing and Explaining; Passive Voice; 10-12 Years Old; 13-15 Years Old; 16-18 Years Old; Vocabulary and Grammar; Video Talk
Publication date: 06/30/2023

The two themes of the lesson are climate zones and Antarctica. There are two videos, each with different types of tasks. The language focus introduces the passive voice with the familiar tenses. Students practice using the passive voice in exercises and through reading and solving riddles. They write their own riddles at the end of the lesson or as homework (by I. Rybak).

• CLICK HERE to download the student’s worksheet in American English.
• CLICK HERE to download the teacher’s lesson plan in American English.
• CLICK HERE to download the student’s worksheet in British English.
• CLICK HERE to download the teacher’s lesson plan in British English.

VIDEOS

VIDEO TRANSCRIPT

Tropical Climates
Tropical climates are one of the major climates on earth. They cover about one third of the earth’s land surface. Tropical climates are categorized by high temperatures all year round and they get lots and lots of rain. Tropical climates are sometimes called equatorial climates because they are located close to the equator. Some tropical climates include the Amazon basin in Brazil, the Congo basin in Africa and many of the forests from Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Tropical rainforests don’t have four seasons like many other land climates. Instead, they have a wet season and a dry season. Many of the world’s rainforests are located in tropical climates. These warm and moist forests are the most diverse land habitats on earth. They’re home to millions of different kinds of plants and animals, many of which are still to be discovered. Sadly, tropical rainforests are being cut down for timber or burned and cleared to make way for farms, roads and cities. It’s really important that we protect these tropical forests, so the millions of plants and animals that live there will be around forever.

VIDEO TRANSCRIPT

Polar Climates
Polar climates are very far from the equator, and they are cold all year round. There are cool summers and very cold winters. There aren’t many trees, and the ground is often covered in ice. Polar regions get less direct heat and sunlight from the sun compared to temperate and tropical regions. There are very long days in summer and very short days in winter.

VIDEO TRANSCRIPT

Temperate Climates
Temperate climates are located between tropical climates and the earth’s poles. Temperate climates usually have four seasons; summer, fall, winter and spring. The temperature can change a lot from day to day and also from season to season. It may snow in the winter and get as hot as 40 degrees Celsius in summer. Precipitation is lower than in tropical climates, but it may rain throughout the year.

VIDEO TRANSCRIPT

Antarctica - Destination World
This is Earth. Maybe you’ve heard of it? I sure hope so, because you live on one of its seven continents! This one is the coldest, the windiest, and the driest. You better huddle up, because we’re headed to Antarctica. It’s the fifth largest continent, and it’s full of snow and ice. Antarctica is also the world’s biggest desert. Deserts aren’t just hot sand and sun. Any climate that has little to no precipitation, better known as rain, is considered a desert. For example, the famous Sahara Desert in Africa gets about 3 inches of rain a year, while Antarctica averages just 2 inches. Instead of the rain soaking into the ground, arctic rain turns into snow and piles up. Winter temperatures can drop to between 14 and negative 22 degrees. But don’t worry, summer temperatures can warm up to highs of around 32 degrees Fahrenheit.
Thousands of tourists travel to Antarctica every year to see amazing animals and more. Let’s start with the Antarctic ice sheet. It’s massive, the largest single piece of ice in the world, covering more than 5 million square miles. Rising above the ice is the southernmost active volcano in the world, Mount Erebus. Swirling inside the volcano is one of the world’s only molten lakes made of lava.
Antarctica is a cold and icy place, making it the perfect home for wildlife. Vegetation like lichen, moss, and algae have adapted to life above the ice, along with a few different types of seabirds, including one of the most popular in Antarctica, the penguin. And below the ice are some of the most amazing and diverse marine wildlife on the planet, including seals, octopuses, and whales, making Antarctica one of the best places for scientific research. Dozens of countries from around the world have set up their own research stations here, studying everything from climate change to meteors from outer space. It’s the harshest environment on the planet, cold, dry, and barren, but scientists and explorers have been braving this continent since the early 1900s, and there’s still more to discover under the ice and snow of Antarctica.

Adapted from: https://www.linguahouse.com/esl-lesson-plans/english-for-teenagers/the-coldest-continent. Accessed on July 19, 2023. © 2008–2023 LinguaHouse.com. All rights reserved.

ESL WORKSHEET - Describing Feelings and Behavior

LESSON PLAN FOR ENGLISH TEACHERS

DOING GOOD

LinguaHouse
Jun. 23, 2023

Level: Mixed Levels (B2-C1; C1-C2; C2)
Type of English: General English
Tags: Behavior, Feelings and Emotions; People and Places; Psychology; Relationships; Society and Change; Describing Feelings and Behavior; Ways of Helping People; 16-18 Years Old; 18+ Years Old; Video Talk
Publication date: 06/23/2023

This lesson looks at the philosophy of altruism and why it exists. Students will watch a video on the subject and read an article discussing the topic. Exercises focus on reading and listening skills, related vocabulary and offer students the opportunity to discuss questions on the subject (by Joe Wilson).

Linguahouse.com is in no way affiliated with, authorized, maintained, sponsored or endorsed by TED Conferences LLC.

• CLICK HERE to download the student’s worksheet in American English (L5).
• CLICK HERE to download the student’s worksheet in American English (L6).
• CLICK HERE to download the student’s worksheet in American English (L7).
• CLICK HERE to download the teacher’s lesson plan in American English (L5).
• CLICK HERE to download the teacher’s lesson plan in American English (L6).
• CLICK HERE to download the teacher’s lesson plan in American English (L7).
• CLICK HERE to download the student’s worksheet in British English (L5).
• CLICK HERE to download the student’s worksheet in British English (L6).
• CLICK HERE to download the student’s worksheet in British English (L7).
• CLICK HERE to download the teacher’s lesson plan in British English (L5).
• CLICK HERE to download the teacher’s lesson plan in British English (L6).
• CLICK HERE to download the teacher’s lesson plan in British English (L7).

VIDEO TRANSCRIPT

Narrator: A ring with supernatural abilities tempts its beholder with power. But there are no hobbits, dwarves, or Valkyries in this tale. In fact, the legend of the Ring of Gyges appeared long before those characters were ever committed to paper: more than 2,000 years ago, in the Greek philosopher Plato’s “Republic.”
The story surfaces as the philosopher, Socrates, and his student, Glaucon, discuss why people act justly. Is it because it’s what’s right? Or because it’s a convention that’s enforced through punishment and reward? Playing devil’s advocate, Glaucon argues against Socrates and recounts the following story...
Long ago, a shepherd named Gyges was tending his flock when an earthquake struck, ripping an opening to the ground. The chasm drew Gyges in. There, his eyes alighted upon a bronze horse, the doors to its central chamber ajar. Peering inside, Gyges discovered the corpse of a giant. On its finger, a golden ring, which Gyges pocketed before retracing his steps. Later, he sat among the other shepherds, fiddling with the mysterious ring when, suddenly, after absentmindedly twirling its stone, he became invisible. When he turned the stone back in the opposite direction, he reappeared. Emboldened by the ring’s powers, new possibilities bloomed before him, and a sordid plan hatched in his mind.
Gyges became a messenger to the king of Lydia, and, inside the palace, used the ring to prowl undetected. He seduced the queen and convinced her to betray her husband. And soon Gyges, once a humble shepherd, had murdered the monarch and claimed the kingdom. Glaucon tells this story to illustrate how people can apparently benefit by acting unjustly. After all, wouldn’t any rational person act like Gyges if presented the opportunity to get what they desired without consequence?
Exploring this argument, Glaucon breaks all good things into three classes. The first kinds, we desire for their own sake, like the experience of harmless pleasure. The second, we want only for the value they bring, though they may be onerous, like exercise or medicine. The third class comprises things we desire for their own sake and the value they offer, like knowledge and health. Glaucon argues that justice belongs to the second class of good: it’s a burden that nevertheless brings rewards. The only reason anyone conducts themselves virtuously, he reasons, is due to external influences.
So, it’s appearing— not actually being— virtuous that matters. Socrates, as written by Plato, disagrees, countering that justice belongs to the third class of good, offering both extrinsic and intrinsic benefits. Socrates argues that the human soul has three parts: reason, spirit, and appetite. Reason guides an individual to truth and knowledge, and is influenced by either spirit or appetite. Spirit is righteous, ambitious, and the source of bold action, while appetite consists of baser, bodily desires. To Socrates, the philosopher is led by reason, and their spirit keeps their appetite in check, making them the most just and the happiest. Even without consequences for self-serving wrongdoings, they wouldn’t commit them. Meanwhile, the tyrant succumbs to appetite and acts unjustly. So, while Gyges may have attained power and wealth, Socrates implies that his soul would be in disharmony. He’d be enslaved to his own base desires rather than guided by reason and wouldn’t be truly happy.
Before Plato penned this discussion, Chinese philosopher Confucius similarly reasoned that by simply acting justly, one also benefits oneself. After, modern Western philosophers voiced varying beliefs. Thomas Hobbes, for instance, argued that the state of nature is violent and selfish. Justice, therefore, is imposed by authority. John Locke, in contrast, asserted that people are naturally obligated to act justly, and they agree to participate in civil society to secure their natural rights. The allegory of the ill-gotten magical ring that lures its wearer towards their darkest desires continues to inspire. So if the ring of Gyges fell into your hands, what would you do?

Adapted from: https://www.linguahouse.com/esl-lesson-plans/general-english/doing-good. Accessed on July 19, 2023. © 2008–2023 LinguaHouse.com. All rights reserved.

ENGLISH “Eletivas”

ELETIVAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA

PARA O ENSINO MÉDIO

INSTITUTO REÚNA

Skills for Prosperity

As mudanças trazidas pelo Novo Ensino Médio representam o compromisso com o acolhimento das juventudes por meio da educação integral dos estudantes e do fortalecimento do desenvolvimento de seus projetos de vida. A oferta de itinerários formativos é uma das novidades que vai ao encontro desse compromisso.
Os itinerários buscam oferecer uma experiência significativa por meio de atividades e vivências diversificadas e oportunizando aos estudantes a customização da sua trajetória escolar. Por isso, acreditamos que a integração do componente Língua Inglesa nos itinerários é elemento-chave para expandir as possibilidades de atuação dos jovens em cenários mais amplos, que não se limitam ao universo local e que não poderiam ser acessados sem o uso desse idioma.
Neste âmbito, o Instituto Reúna desenvolveu duas unidades curriculares eletivas para o Ensino Médio: “Turbinando o Inglês com Redes Sociais e Mídias Digitais” e “Welcome to Brazil”. No documento em PDF, há informações e orientações para o desenvolvimento das unidades curriculares eletivas. O objetivo principal é oferecer aprendizagens contextualizadas que favorecem o aprofundamento das competências e das habilidades da Formação Geral Básica e o desenvolvimento de habilidades dos eixos estruturantes (Processos Criativos, Mediação e Intervenção Sociocultural e Empreendedorismo).
Para apoiar o seu trabalho, além de orientações gerais sobre a unidade curricular eletiva e orientações para o desenvolvimento das aulas disponibilizadas no Material do Professor, no Material do Estudante você encontrará propostas e sugestões de atividades para sua implementação.

MATERIAIS DE APOIO

• Documento “Eletivas de Língua Inglesa para o Ensino Médio”
• Turbinando o Inglês com Redes Sociais e Mídias Digitais
• Material do Professor
• Material do Estudante
• Welcome to Brazil
• Material do Professor
• Material do Estudante

OBSERVAÇÃO
No documento “Eletivas de Língua Inglesa para o Ensino Médio”, estão descritos os seguintes itens para cada um dos componentes propostos: apresentação da eletiva; duração; número de aulas semanais; professores que podem ministrar a eletiva; informações gerais; objetos de conhecimento e habilidades; descritores do CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, o Quadro Europeu Comum de Referência para Línguas); eixos estruturantes (com habilidades dos itinerários formativos associadas às competências gerais da BNCC e às específicas dos eixos estruturantes para a área de LGG); sugestão de organização das aulas (incluindo as etapas, resumo e aulas). Além desses itens, o documento também traz os links para download dos materiais do professor e do aluno.

Adaptado de: https://www.institutoreuna.org.br/conteudo/eletivas-de-lingua-inglesa-para-o-ensino-medio. Acesso em: 18 jul. 2023. © 2023 Instituto Reúna. Todos os direitos reservados.

ESL WORKSHEET - Literature, Education and Learning

LESSON PLAN FOR ENGLISH TEACHERS

ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF SOLITUDE

LinguaHouse
Jun. 26, 2023

Level: Advanced (C1-C2)
Type of English: General English
Tags: People and Places; Literature and Books; American Culture; Academic Vocabulary; Art; Education and Learning; Developing an Argument; 16-18 Years Old; 18+ Years Old; Article Based; Video Talk
Publication date: 06/26/2023

This lesson looks at the work and life of Gabriel Garcia Márquez. Students will watch a video about One Hundred Years of Solitude, his Nobel Prize-winning novel, and read an article about his life. Exercises focus on related vocabulary, listening and reading skills and offer students the opportunity to discuss questions on the topic (by Joe Wilson).

Linguahouse.com is in no way affiliated with, authorized, maintained, sponsored or endorsed by TED Conferences LLC.

• CLICK HERE to download the student’s worksheet in American English.
• CLICK HERE to download the teacher’s lesson plan in American English.
• CLICK HERE to download the student’s worksheet in British English.
• CLICK HERE to download the teacher’s lesson plan in British English.

VIDEO TRANSCRIPT

Narrator: One day in 1965, while driving to Acapulco for a vacation with his family, Colombian journalist Gabriel García Márquez abruptly turned his car around, asked his wife to take care of the family’s finances for the coming months, and returned home. The beginning of a new book had suddenly come to him: “Many years later, as he faced the firing squad, Colonel Aureliano Buendía was to remember that distant afternoon when his father took him to discover ice.”
Over the next eighteen months, those words would blossom into One Hundred Years of Solitude. A novel that would go on to bring Latin American literature to the forefront of the global imagination, earning García Márquez the 1982 Nobel Prize for Literature. What makes One Hundred Years of Solitude so remarkable?
The novel chronicles the fortunes and misfortunes of the Buendía family over seven generations. With its lush, detailed sentences, large cast of characters, and tangled narrative, One Hundred Years of Solitude is not an easy book to read. But it’s a deeply rewarding one, with an epic assortment of intense romances, civil war, political intrigue, globe-trotting adventurers, and more characters named Aureliano than you’d think possible.
Yet this is no mere historical drama. One Hundred Years of Solitude is one of the most famous examples of a literary genre known as magical realism. Here, supernatural events or abilities are described in a realistic and matter-of-fact tone, while the real events of human life and history reveal themselves to be full of fantastical absurdity. Surreal phenomena within the fictional village of Macondo intertwine seamlessly with events taking place in the real country of Colombia.
The settlement begins in a mythical state of isolation, but is gradually exposed to the outside world, facing multiple calamities along the way. As years pass, characters grow old and die, only to return as ghosts or to be seemingly reincarnated in the next generation. When the American fruit company comes to town, so does a romantic mechanic who is always followed by yellow butterflies. A young woman up and floats away. Although the novel moves forward through subsequent generations, time moves in an almost cyclical manner. Many characters have similar names and features to their forebears, whose mistakes they often repeat. Strange prophecies and visits from mysterious gypsies give way to the skirmishes and firing squads of repeated civil wars. An American fruit company opens a plantation near the village and ends up massacring thousands of striking workers, mirroring the real-life ‘Banana Massacre’ of 1928.
Combined with the novel’s magical realism, this produces a sense of history as a downward spiral the characters seem powerless to escape. Beneath the magic is a story about the pattern of Colombian and Latin American history from colonial times onward. This is a history that the author experienced firsthand.
Gabriel García Márquez grew up in a Colombia torn apart by civil conflict between its Conservative and Liberal political parties. He also lived in an autocratic Mexico and covered the 1958 Venezuelan coup d’état as a journalist. But perhaps his biggest influences were his maternal grandparents.
Nicolás Ricardo Márquez was a decorated veteran of the Thousand Days War whose accounts of the rebellion against Colombia’s conservative government led Gabriel García Márquez to a socialist outlook. Meanwhile, Doña Tranquilina Iguarán Cotes’ omnipresent superstition became the foundation of One Hundred Years of Solitude’s style. Their small house in Aracataca where the author spent his childhood formed the main inspiration for Macondo. With One Hundred Years of Solitude, Gabriel García Márquez found a unique way to capture the unique history of Latin America. He was able to depict the strange reality of living in a post-colonial society, forced to relive the tragedies of the past. In spite of all this fatalism, the novel still holds hope.
At his Nobel Lecture, García Marquez reflected on Latin America’s long history of civil strife and rampant iniquity. Yet he ended the speech by affirming the possibility of building a better world, to quote, “where no one will be able to decide for others how they die, where love will prove true and happiness be possible, and where the races condemned to one hundred years of solitude will have, at last and forever, a second chance on earth.”

Adapted from: https://www.linguahouse.com/esl-lesson-plans/general-english/one-hundred-years-of-solitude. Accessed on July 19, 2023. © 2008–2023 LinguaHouse.com. All rights reserved.

ESL WORKSHEET - Travel, People and Places

LESSON PLAN FOR ENGLISH TEACHERS

SOLO TRAVEL*

LinguaHouse
Jun. 27, 2023

Level: Upper-Intermediate (B2-C1)
Type of English: General English
Tags: Travel and Leisure; Challenges; Hobby; People and Places; Society and Change; People and Places; Developing an Argument; 16-18 Years Old; 18+ Years Old; Article Based
Publication date: 06/27/2023

* This lesson has been updated.

This lesson looks at the subject of traveling alone. Students will read a blog about the subject and listen to two women discussing their experiences. Exercises focus on related vocabulary, listening and reading skills and offer students the opportunity to discuss questions on the topic. Optional writing activities look at the question of women traveling alone or the impact of travel on the environment (by Joe Wilson).

• CLICK HERE to download the student’s worksheet in American English.
• CLICK HERE to download the teacher’s lesson plan in American English.
• CLICK HERE to download/listen to the audio in American English.
• CLICK HERE to download the student’s worksheet in British English.
• CLICK HERE to download the teacher’s lesson plan in British English.
• CLICK HERE to download/listen to the audio in British English.

AUDIO TRANSCRIPT

Host: …and today we’re talking to Amy, a blog writer on solo travel and Meera, a travel writer. Both women, both like to travel alone. Great to have us with you today. So, Amy, can you tell us about where you’ve been to?
Amy: Well, I’ve been traveling for over ten years alone. So, I’ve been to a few places: Asia, a lot. Mainly Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam, although I’ve been on shorter excursions to other countries there, such as a hiking trip in Sri Lanka. I’ve been to Peru and Argentina and quite a few countries in Europe.
Host: Fantastic! Meera, what about you?
Meera: I’ve done a lot of traveling in the United States which is where I’m based, as well as Canada, Central America - I loved Costa Rica - and the Middle East in places like Bahrain and Qatar.
Host: So as a woman traveling alone, what do you do to stay safe?
Meera: I've personally not had any problems, but I do certain things that make it safer. In the US, there’s a company called The Green Tortoise. It’s an all-inclusive bus tour that lets you go to places all over the US and down into Mexico. There’s no fixed itinerary so they go wherever makes the most sense. For example, if it’s raining somewhere, they can move on to somewhere sunnier. There’s a group of you all together so it’s perfect for women traveling alone. You’re always with people and they go through National Parks and places that are less touristy, so you can see things that would be harder to see alone. I’ve been to the Grand Canyon twice with them and also up to Alaska.
Host: What’s it like traveling in the Middle East?
Meera: Easier than you might think. It’s a very family-friendly place, and public transport usually has separate places for women, like on buses in Dubai. I’ve also been able to get guides to take me on a trek in the desert and again, there are tours you can take with groups of people. It’s a great way to meet new friends.
Host: Amy, what’s been your most luxurious experience?
Amy: Oh, that’s easy. I stayed at this beautiful place in Koh Samui in Thailand. It was right on the beach, and it was fantastic. I extended my stay there because it was so beautiful. They had hammocks that you could lie in and read all day and they brought food to you, all of which was delicious, some really fantastic fish dishes there made with fish they catch on the day. I had planned to visit as much as I could, but after the first day, I decided just to spend a couple of days relaxing and enjoying the weather and the hotel. It was low-season too, so it didn’t cost very much and it wasn’t at all busy.
Host: Now, I really have to ask you both, what do you think about (fade)...

Adapted from: https://www.linguahouse.com/esl-lesson-plans/general-english/solo-travel. Accessed on July 19, 2023. © 2008–2023 LinguaHouse.com. All rights reserved.

ESL WORKSHEET - Hotel, Travel and Leisure

LESSON PLAN FOR ENGLISH TEACHERS

HOTEL RESERVATIONS*

LinguaHouse
Jun. 28, 2023

Level: Pre-Intermediate (A2-B1)
Type of English: General English
Tags: Travel and Leisure; Hotel Facilities and Staff; Booking and Checking In/Out of a Hotel; 18+ Years Old; 16-18 Years Old; Situation Based; Vocabulary Lesson
Publication date: 06/28/2023

* This lesson has been updated.

In this updated lesson, students follow the process of booking hotel rooms online: researching options, reading reviews, asking questions, and making a booking online. Students will define vocabulary and practice reading, speaking and formulating questions. There is an optional extension activity for them to write a short online review based on their hotel stay (by Stephanie Hirschman).

• CLICK HERE to download the student’s worksheet in American English.
• CLICK HERE to download the teacher’s lesson plan in American English.
• CLICK HERE to download the student’s worksheet in British English.
• CLICK HERE to download the teacher’s lesson plan in British English.

Adapted from: https://www.linguahouse.com/esl-lesson-plans/general-english/hotel-reservations. Accessed on July 19, 2023. © 2008–2023 LinguaHouse.com. All rights reserved.