ADJECTIVE ORDER IN ENGLISH
GRAMMARLY
Lindsay Kramer
Updated on July 14, 2021
“Every Sunday, my grandma makes an Italian big meal”, said no one ever.
Why? It’s technically correct — it’s a big meal, it’s Italian food, and your grandma makes it. But it doesn’t sound quite right, and that’s because the adjective order in that sentence isn’t correct.
Most students aren’t taught about adjective order in school and instead learn it through listening and reading. In English, the rules regarding adjective order are more specific than they are in other languages; that is why saying adjectives in a specific order sounds “right,” and deviating from that order makes a statement sound “wrong,” even if it’s otherwise grammatically perfect.
Adjective order in English
In English, the proper order for adjectives is known as the Royal Order of Adjectives. The Royal Order of Adjectives is as follows:
- Determiner (This isn’t a type of adjective, however, determiners — including articles, possessives, and demonstratives —are considered in the Royal Order of Adjectives. They must always come before adjectives and the nouns they modify.)
- The, your, our, these
- Quantity
- One, seven, many, few
- Opinion
- Delicious, heroic, misunderstood, valuable
- Sometimes, this category is divided into two categories: general and specific opinion, with general opinion coming before specific opinion. For example, you might describe a specific tablet as a popular, perfect choice for digital illustrators. The general opinion here is that it’s popular, an opinion held by many (and easily verified). The more specific opinion is that it’s perfect for digital illustrators — it’s your personal opinion, but it might not be as widely held as the opinion that it’s popular.
- Size
- Huge, tiny, medium-sized, small
- Age
- New, old, decades-old, second-newest
- Shape
- Square, round, triangular, geometric
- Color
- Blue, gray, yellow, red
- Origin/material
- American, wooden, velvet, African
- Qualifier
- Hound dog, denim skirt, pickup truck, vampire bat
Take a look at this chart to see how different noun phrases illustrate the Royal Order:
See how even when you don’t use an adjective from every category, you still follow this order?
However, even with a specific adjective order to follow, there are circumstances where you need to change the order to communicate your message clearly. One of these circumstances is when one of the adjectives in your sentence is part of a compound noun. Take a look at this example:
- She moved into a brand-new tiny house.
Why do adjectives need to be in this order?
It’s an unsatisfying answer, but it’s the only answer: We don’t really know. However, there are a few theories. One is that the closer an adjective sits to its noun, the more vital it is to the noun’s description. For example, referring to a house as a “brick house” is more specific than referring to it as an “old house” or a “beautiful house”. But this theory doesn’t always hold up. To use another example, compare “small dog” to “black dog.” Is a black dog really a more specific description than a small dog?
Like other English language quirks, adjective order is one you just have to roll with.
Using commas with adjectives
Like other English language quirks, adjective order is one you just have to roll with.
Using commas with adjectives
When you have more than one adjective in a sentence, some need commas and some don’t.
Confusing, right?
It’s actually not that bad — there’s a logic to this one.
When two or more adjectives come from the same category, they need to be separated by commas:
Confusing, right?
It’s actually not that bad — there’s a logic to this one.
When two or more adjectives come from the same category, they need to be separated by commas:
- We rode in a comfortable, luxurious limousine.
- She has a big green garden out back.
You also never put a comma between a noun’s determiner and its adjectives. A determiner is a word at the beginning of a phrase that communicates how many and which noun is being described. For example:
- That car
- Two geese
- My university
- That square red car
- Two fat white geese
- My progressive, rigorous old university
- My progressive, rigorous, and old university
- My progressive, old, and rigorous university
How sentence position affects adjective order
In a sentence, adjectives go before the noun they’re describing or modifying. Usually.
Take a look at this sentence:
The sentence can easily be rewritten as:
Adapted from: https://www.grammarly.com/blog/adjective-order/. Accessed on August 9, 2021.
Take a look at this sentence:
- The concert was loud and crowded.
The sentence can easily be rewritten as:
- It was a loud, crowded concert.
- Her dog was small and white; it was a Maltese.
- Their house is cramped, drafty and modern.
- Their house is cramped, drafty, and modern.
Adapted from: https://www.grammarly.com/blog/adjective-order/. Accessed on August 9, 2021.
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